Ulysses S. Grant
Lesson: Use strategy, determination, and flexibility to achieve a difficult end goal.
Creating a network of alliances to help you succeed
Learning about others’ interests and practices in order to engage them
Building support for your positions as a way to justify them
Adopting others’ best practices as a way to ally with them
Creating a historical context for your work and position
Taking a long-term perspective, from the past history to the future legacy
As a young girl, Cleopatra exhibited remarkable intelligence, a talent for languages, and a love of scholarship. Her father recognized her abilities and groomed her for the throne, despite having older children and sons. When her father died, he designated Cleopatra, still a teenager, and her ten-year-old brother, Ptolemy XIII, as the heirs. Expected to submit to her brother, or really his advisors, Cleopatra instead set about ruling independently, performing religious rituals to endear herself to the Egyptians and issuing decrees to ensure the citizens of Alexandria did not starve during a famine. However, her brother and his supporters objected to her reign and raised an army to fight her, causing her to flee to Syria.
Julius Caesar arrived in Egypt to capture his own rival for power, who had been murdered by Ptolemy in an attempt at winning Caesar’s favor. This plan backfired as the murdered man was Caesar’s well-respected friend. However, Caesar did announce his attention to broker the succession between Cleopatra and her brother. Seeing her opportunity to gain influence, Cleopatra decided to speak to Caesar alone. She enlisted the help of her servants to smuggle her past enemy lines and into Alexandria and then into Caesar’s quarters rolled up in a rug. During the night, she beguiled Caesar with her wit and charm, they became lovers, and thus, she secured him as her ally. Ptolemy XIII did not capitulate, and Egypt erupted into a civil war where Caesar’s army defeated Ptolemy who drowned while fleeing. Caesar stayed on in Egypt where a pregnant Cleopatra took him down the Nile in a luxurious barge to see Egyptian agriculture and government administration.
With her position secured, Cleopatra set about reforming the economy by establishing new revenue streams from foreign territories, redistributing wealth, and in general, bringing about long-needed governmental stability. She travelled to Rome with her son at Caesar’s invitation where he erected a statue of her and arranged for her to live on his grounds, provoking more ire from his enemies. After Caesar’s murder, she fled back to Egypt, fearing for her son’s life after Caesar’s nephew, Octavian, was named his heir. Octavian ruled the Western Roman Empire while Marc Antony, Caesar’s closest aide, was given the east, and Cleopatra began to ally herself with Antonius.
In another famous water journey, she went to meet him by boat, staging an extravagant entrance on her royal barge, decked out with golden treasures and a cornucopia of delicacies. Again, her poise and charm succeeded, and Antonius abandoned his wife to live with Cleopatra in Alexandria. Eventually, the arrangement between Octavian and Antonius ended in a Roman civil war where Cleopatra and Antonius were defeated. Rather than suffer the humiliation of being brought to Rome as captives by Octavian, they both committed suicide. Although Cleopatra died at age 39, her life and reign became legendary, long outliving many empires, and today, over two thousand years later, most people know who she was.
Develop rapport – Inquire after personal lives and interests. Listen with rapt attention and use compliments liberally. Be generous with your time. Gather items of interest to others to start conversations and find common ground.
Have a flair for the dramatic – Turn ordinary activities into extravaganzas to make yourself memorable. Plan your entrance into meetings and events. Again, use unusual items to make an impression.
Manage wisely – Attend to administration and good government. Ensure everything functions well and is ordered and stable. Make sure crises go through you first and limit the amount of disruptions to your team. View your organization and team as an extension of yourself.
Develop your legacy – Show preference for lasting long-term benefits rather than short-term ones. Anticipate the consequences of contemplated actions and how they will be viewed in the future.
Be worldly – Know your subject matter well and consider how history, politics, and current events will affect your decisions. Consider how other cultures would perceive and react to your work.
Be flexible – Readily learn and adopt others’ practices to garner support. Adjust your expectations to changing situations.
Work for the win-win – Align your interests with others’ whenever possible. Avoid direct competition and try to work through others. Make sure your own interests are being met so don’t compromise those.
Conduct pre-meetings to build support – For important meetings and decisions, conduct small or one-on-one meetings in advance to learn and influence the opinions of attendees and build allies for your position.
Dress – Cleopatra was extremely wealthy and took great care in her appearance, even authoring a scholarly treatise on cosmetics. Although she was Hellenic, Cleopatra often took on the dress of the Egyptian goddess Isis in official functions. While you are Cleopatra, you will take good care of your appearance. Pick a role model of someone whose appearance you would like to imitate and on occasion dress similarly to that person (without being creepy.) Make sure you adapt your clothing style to your situation, for example, when in New York City, wear black.
Manner – When walking around your place of work, look everyone you meet in the eyes and smile with a warm greeting. Greet people with their names to show that they are important to you. Be deliberate in your actions and conscious of your impact on others. Stand and sit tall in a queenly fashion.
Speech – You want to project a regal air by speaking clearly and calmly. Again, you want to adapt your speech to your situation and adopt the cadence and colloquialisms of those around you.
Know your family history – Cleopatra was very self-conscious of her role in a dynasty, and her actions were often guided by how she would be judged by history. The Ptolemies had a history of bloody transitions that disrupted the rule of Egypt, and she attempted to ensure a peaceful succession to her own children. Ptolemiac rulers were also expected to be scholars and the authors of scientific or historical works, and Cleopatra is credited with treatises on medicine, alchemy, poisons, cosmetics, and philosophy. Learn about or revisit your family history, focusing on similarities with your own life. How does your heritage shape you? What can you celebrate about your heritage and how can it help you succeed?
Honor your history – Cleopatra grew up listening to tales of the greatness of Egypt and the successes of the early Ptolemiac rulers. Her goal was to restore Egypt’s power and lands to those at the height of the Ptolemaic empire. Some historians believe her alliances with Caesar, and then Marc Antony, were forged in order to create a single Roman/Egyptian empire, which she could rule jointly with Rome. While you may not have an empire to rebuild, find a small way to honor your ancestors. Some ideas are to visit places important to them, fulfill some family goal, contact long-lost relatives, or re-enact a tradition, ritual, or meaningful event.
Write your own history – Unfortunately for Cleopatra, most of her histories were written by her Roman enemies who portrayed her inaccurately as a vain, vile and greedy seductress. Take this opportunity to outline an obituary for yourself, including events that you hope will happen in the future. What would you like history to say about you? Boil it down to two or three sentences that summarize your desired legacy. How can you achieve this?
Visit a library – Part of the Ptolemaic palace complex was the library of Alexandria, the most important library of the ancient world. Cleopatra studied there throughout her life, and when Caesar accidentally destroyed some of it, diplomats and scholars, including Antonius, gifted her books and other volumes. You have access to the greatest library ever created, the internet. Learn more about the ancient world, especially the eastern civilizations like Egypt, Babylon, and Persia, at the DPLA (digital public library of America) or immerse yourself in the interests of one of your potential allies (see Activities with Others section).
Repurpose a myth – After Caesar was brutally stabbed to death, Cleopatra sanctioned an engraved monument that portrayed her and her son, Caesarian, as the mythological Isis and her son, Horus, after the god Osiris was murdered. Cleopatra used the trappings of Isis to depict herself as a maternal, benevolent, and god-like monarch and to communicate that to her people. Find a mythological tale that appeals to you and repurpose it to communicate a message about yourself.
Create an environment that makes an impression – Cleopatra displayed her great wealth and dynastic heritage in order to impress the Romans, especially when they first met. Artfully arrange your desk and workspace with objects of interest that capture attention and showcase your worldliness and intellect. Display degrees, certifications, and awards on your walls. People walking into your workspace should get an instant impression of your personality and accomplishments.
Expand your network of influence – How many people can you rely on for references or you know would advocate on your behalf? Make a quick list of your answer and include how you know them to determine the strength and diversity of your close network. Ascertain some acquaintances you’d like to add to your list. Approach them with common interests, which you’ve researched, or requests for advice in areas of expertise. Find ways in which you can return the favor and aid each other.
Strengthen your close alliances – As a monarch, it’s important to ensure that your alliances remain loyal. As a normal person, you should never take your closest friends or allies for granted. Check in with them to see how they are doing, steering the discussion to their lives and issues, rather than your own. Offer your help and support and make sure they know they can rely on you.
Create a circle of advocates – As royalty, Cleopatra had a circle of aides and servants who would risk their lives for her, like smuggling her across enemy lines to meet Caesar or sneaking in an asp so she could kill herself. Hopefully, your needs will never be quite as extreme, but you should leverage your current friendships to create a “personal board” of supporters. A personal board is a group of peers who coach and advise each other, provide moral support whenever needed, and, most importantly, promote and advocate for each other outside the group.
Develop your charm – Cleopatra’s charm had its roots in her intelligence. She mastered many languages and learned the customs and beliefs of multiple cultures. Being charming is a combination of being interesting and being interested. While you should prepare some amusing anecdotes about yourself, it is more important to be fascinated by the people you are with and curious about their lives and their interests. Find common ground in order to relate. As you expand your network and strengthen your alliances, become more knowledgeable about your allies’ interests to show they are important to you.
Give the right gifts – Cleopatra used her immense wealth to give impressive gifts that were suited to the beneficiary. You may not have wealth, but based on the interests above, start to share some gifts like music files, twitter accounts, books, articles or video clips that you know would interest your ally. Do this sparingly, focusing on quality over quantity, and add value by providing an amusing and witty commentary.
Plan successors and legacy – Cleopatra had children with Caesar and Marc Antony in order to secure an heir to her throne. She assigned territorial kingdoms for her four children so that succession would be smooth, and the Hellenistic dynasty would continue (although after her death, most of her children were killed.) If you have direct reports at work, meet with them to plan your own succession to ensure your work would continue without you. At home, make sure you have a will or trust in place to care for your beneficiaries should you pass unexpectedly by a snake bite.
Lesson: Use strategy, determination, and flexibility to achieve a difficult end goal.
Lesson: Challenge yourself and others to boldly go where no man has gone before.
Lesson: Use magical thinking, perfectionism, and obsessive behavior to create iconic products (or results)
Lesson: Think great thoughts by bucking convention, trusting your own beliefs, and being open to opportunities.
Lesson: Communicate with empathy and vulnerability to establish trust and influence others.
Lesson: Use aphorisms, guiding principles, feedback, and authenticity to mentor others.
The icons are useful when conducting any kind of port mortem or difficult conversations, like project, progress, or performance reviews.
Each person chooses a card that reflects the perspective he wants the other to hear. One person shows the card, and, together, both brainstorm the feedback that the persona would give. Repeat using the second person’s chosen card. Both compare and contrast the feedback and agree on lessons going forward. If deadlocked or otherwise desired, they can choose a third card and perform the feedback again
Use the icons at the start of project or with a team to understand each person’s default behaviors and identify potential conflicts.
Each person chooses three cards: one that best represents her, one that she would most like to work with on the project, and one she would least like to work with. Each discusses her picks and agrees to actions for working together.
The goals are to create awareness of missing skills and traits on the team, use the personalities to fill those gaps, and to improve team creativity by role-playing other perspectives.
Review the cards to determine which personas the team needs but is lacking. Conducting the expectations setting exercise first may help. Create virtual seats for these leaders and assign team members the responsibilities for representing these perspectives.
During brainstorming, choose cards at random and generate ideas as the leader personas. Alternately, team members can act as the leaders during the meetings.
At the end of the meeting, each participant, including the meeting leader, chooses a card, either randomly or deliberately, and takes turns providing feedback in the manner of the personality. Alternately, the meeting leader can choose cards at random and ask participants for feedback in that leader’s perspective.
1. Look through the profiles and read the summary sections with the lessons, goals, principles, traits, and values. Find one that “speaks” to you or that has a lesson you could use at the moment. Liking the person or sharing that person’s values is irrelevant, though it may require slightly more effort on your part.
2. Keep in mind that you control the experience and can adopt as much or as little as you feel comfortable doing. Most of the changes you will be making will be internal, in your thought processes and resultant behaviors, and you are not expected to impersonate someone outwardly like you would for Halloween or a play.
3. Explanation of sections:
4. It should take you somewhere between 1-3 weeks to master the character. We recommend that you plan on two weeks, and continue if you need more time to fully internalize the persona. Thinking like the persona or exhibiting their behaviors without thinking are signs that you have internalized the skills. We encourage you to tell the people you are with what you are doing so that they can help you master the character and provide feedback. It’s perfectly acceptable to ask others what they think that person would do.
5. If you have trouble getting started or feel stuck, just ask yourself “What would this person do?